ANCIENT CAPITAL OF KINGS AND CULTURE
Polonnaruwa, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is a city steeped in history, grandeur, and cultural heritage. As the second most ancient kingdom of Sri Lanka, Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to the island’s rich past, boasting magnificent ruins, impressive reservoirs, and a well-preserved archaeological legacy.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Polonnaruwa served as the capital of Sri Lanka from the 11th to the 13th century AD, following the decline of Anuradhapura due to repeated South Indian invasions. The city rose to prominence under the reign of King Vijayabahu I, who liberated the island from Chola rule in 1070 AD. However, it was King Parakramabahu I (1153–1186 AD) who transformed Polonnaruwa into a thriving centre of governance, agriculture, and culture.
Under Parakramabahu I, the city witnessed immense growth with the construction of vast irrigation systems, Buddhist temples, palaces, and stupas. His most notable achievement was the Parakrama Samudra, a massive reservoir that provided water for agriculture and is still in use today.
ARCHITECTURAL MARVELS
Polonnaruwa is home to some of Sri Lanka’s most remarkable ancient structures. Among them are:
The royal place of king parakramabahu I : This grand structure, once a seven-story palace, featured 1000 rooms and served as the king’s residence. Today, only remnants of its massive walls and foundation remain, hinting at its former glory.
Gal Viharaya: A stunning rock temple consisting of four colossal Buddha statues carved into a single granite rock, the Gal Vihara is considered one of the greatest artistic achievements of Sri Lankan craftsmanship. The serene expressions and intricate details of the statues reflect the height of Buddhist sculpture in ancient Sri Lanka.
Vatadage: This circular relic house, adorned with intricate stone carvings, was built to enshrine the Sacred Tooth Relic of Buddha. The Vatadage stands as one of the finest examples of Sinhalese architecture and religious devotion.
Rankoth vehera: A magnificent stupa standing 55 meters tall, the Rankoth Vehera was inspired by the famous stupas of Anuradhapura. It remains an important site of pilgrimage for Buddhists today.
Lankatilaka Temple: This grand temple, built by King Parakramabahu I, features a towering 17-meter-high standing Buddha statue and intricately carved brick walls. The temple’s unique design showcases the fusion of Sinhalese and South Indian architectural styles.
IRRIGATION AND ENGINEERING FEATS
One of Polonnaruwa’s greatest legacies is its advanced irrigation system. The Parakrama Samudra, an enormous artificial reservoir, supplied water to the surrounding paddy fields and ensured agricultural prosperity. The city’s canals, sluice gates, and reservoirs highlight the ingenuity of ancient Sri Lankan engineering.
MODERN-DAY POLONNARUWA
Today, Polonnaruwa is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting visitors from around the world. The well-preserved ruins, serene landscapes, and rich cultural significance make it a must-visit destination in Sri Lanka’s Cultural Triangle. Tourists can explore the ruins by bicycle, visit the Polonnaruwa Museum, and experience the tranquil beauty of this ancient capital.
CONCLUSION
Polonnaruwa stands as a remarkable testament to Sri Lanka’s glorious past, blending history, art, and innovation. Whether you are a history enthusiast, an archaeology lover, or a traveller seeking spiritual serenity, Polonnaruwa offers an unforgettable journey into the island’s cultural heritage. Its timeless monuments continue to inspire awe, preserving the legacy of a civilization that once flourished in the heart of Sri Lanka.
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